PRONOUNS

Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns.
Every pronoun must have a clear antecedent (the word for which the pronoun stands).

KINDS OF PRONOUN                     

A.   Personal Pronouns:  

SINGULAR				PLURAL
	subjective	objective	possessive	subjective	objective	possessive
1st person	I	me	my, mine	we	us	our, ours
2nd person	you	you	your, yours	you	you	your, yours
3rd person	he she it	him her it	his her,  hers its	they	them	their, theirs

                 

            

Personal pronouns have the following characteristics:

1.  three persons (points of view)        1st person - the one(s) speaking  (I  me my  mine  we  us our ours)        2nd person - the one(s) spoken to  (you your yours)        3rd person - the one(s) spoken about  (he  him  his  she her hers  it  its  they  their  theirs)            Examples           2.  three genders        feminine  (she  her  hers)        masculine (he  him  his)        neuter  (it its  they them their theirs)            Examples              3.  two numbers        singular (I  me  my  mine  you  your  yours  he  him  his  she  her  hers it its)        plural  (we  us  our  ours  you  your yours  they  them  their  theirs)            Examples            4.  three cases       subjective (I  you  he  she  it  we  they)       possessive  (my  mine  your  yours  his  her  hers  our  ours  their  theirs)       objective   (me  you  him  her  it  us  them)            Examples - subjective case

Examples - possessive case                           Examples - objective case            NOTE:  Because of pronoun case, the pronoun's form changes with its function in the sentence.  Follow this link to pronoun case for more information.

B.      Demonstrative Pronouns:

                             

                   

Demonstrative pronouns can also be used as determiners.

Example:

Hand me that hammer. (that describes the noun hammer)

                           

Demonstrative pronouns can also be used as qualifiers:

Example:

She wanted that much money? (that describes the adjective much)

                   

C. Reflexive / Intensive Pronouns :  the "self" pronouns

         

             

These pronouns can be used only to reflect or intensify a word already there in the sentence.

              

Reflexive / intensive pronouns CANNOT REPLACE personal pronouns.

                        

Examples:

I saw myself  in the mirror. (Myself is a reflexive pronoun, reflecting the pronoun I.)

I’ll do it myself. (Myself is an intensive pronoun, intensifying the pronoun I.)

                    

                    

Note:  The following words are substandard and should not be used:

                          

             theirselves       theirself          hisself         ourself

                      

                    

D. Indefinite Pronouns:

                            

Singular:

one	someone	anyone	no one	everyone
each	somebody	anybody	nobody	everybody
(n)either	something	anything	nothing	everything

                  

                     

Examples:

Somebody is coming to dinner.

Neither of us believes a word Harry says.

Plural:     

Examples:

Both are expected at the airport at the same time.

Several have suggested canceling the meeting.

Singular with non-countables / Plural with countables:

Examples:

Some of the dirt has become a permanent part of the rug.

Some of the trees have been weakened by the storm.

Indefinite pronouns use apostrophes to indicate possessive case.

Examples:

The accident is nobody’s fault.

How will the roadwork affect one's daily commute?

Some indefinite pronouns may also be used as determiners.

one, each, either, neither, some, any, one, all, both, few, several, many, most

Note the differences:

Each person has a chance.

(Each is a determiner describing person.)

Each has a chance.

(Each is an indefinite pronoun replacing a noun.)

Both lawyers pled their cases well.

(Both is a determiner describing  lawyers.)

Both were in the room.

(Both is an indefinite pronoun replacing a noun.)

E. Interrogative Pronouns:

Interrogative pronouns produce information questions that require more than a “yes” or “no” answer.

Examples:

What do you want?

Who is there?

F. Relative Pronouns:

Relative pronouns introduce relative (adjectival) clauses.

Note:	Use who, whom, and whose to refer to people.
	Use that and which to refer to things. Sumber: https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/pronouns.htm

Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier

Subject

Subject is about what or who is spoken in a sentence or clause. The subject can be a person, animal, object, or an abstract concept.

Each complete subject is basically constructed by one or more noun or pronoun with / without additional modifier (s) that can be either article (the, an, an), adjective and prepositional phrase. The gerund and an infinitive can also occupy the position of the subject.

Example:

·         His new car tax has already been paid by his assistant.

·         Lia and I were eating our lunch on the kitchen table.

·         The very big boarding school in this country was built in 1980.

Simple Subject and Simple Predicate

Simple subject singular form of a noun or pronoun, with the exclusion of modifier (s) it. While simple predicate verb form ataucompound singular verb.

Example of sentences	Simple Subject	Simple Predicate	Explanation
His new car tax has already been paid by his assistant.	tax	has been paid	his new car = (pre) modifier by his assistant = prepositional phrase
The very big boarding school in this country was built in 1980.	school	was built	the very big boarding= (pre) modifier; in this country = (post) modifier; in 1980 = prepositional phrase
Open the door!	“you”	open	door = direct object
His Uncle Cal will not arrive on time.	Uncle Cal	will arrive	his = possessive; not = adverb; on time= prepositional phrase
There was a hounted house.	house	was	there = adverb; haunted = participle; a = article
Running may be hard for overweight people.	running	may be	running = gerund; hard = adjective; for overweight people = prepositional phrase
To travel is a bad idea.	to travel	is	to travel = infinitive; is = linking verb; a bad idea = subject complement

Verb

Verb is a word which serves to indicate the action of the subject, showing events or circumstances. Verbmerupakan one of the eight parts of speech.

English verbs are not always a simple (one word), but may be a result of a combination with particlemenjadi phrases phrasal verb (get in, make up, read over).

Various kinds and Example Verb

Several kinds and examples include the following verb.

·         Transitive and Intransitive: Transitive followed direct object (example sentence: The boy kicked the ball), while the intransitive not (example sentence: Cheryl Often sneezes while cleaning).

·         Regular and Irregular: In the form of regular, past tense and participle obtained by adding the suffix-ed in the base form while padairregular, way more varied.

·         Action and Stative: Action (eat, play) stating that something occurred, whereas stative (love, need) said conditions are likely to remain.

·         Finite and Non-Finite: Finite influenced tense and subject-verb agreement, while the non-finite not.

·         Linking Verb: linking the subject of a sentence with description (example sentence: She is young and beautiful).

·         Causative: The verb to indicate that the subject is not directly responsible for the actions happened (example sentence: I've had my house renovated last week).

Complement

·       Usually a noun (noun) or noun phrase (noun phrase)

·         Usually found after the verb in the active voice

·         Answered questions complement what (what) or anyone (Whom)

Example:

Ø  Sarijon bought a cake yesterday

•      What did Sarijon buy yesterday? -> A cake.

Ø  He saw Tony at the movie

•      Whom did he see at the movie? -> Tony

Ø  I explain to my students pharmacology

•      What do I explain to my students? -> Pharmacology

Note: Each sentence should not have a complement.

Modifier

·       Modifier describes the time (time), place (where), or manner (how) of an action or actions

·         The most common form of the modifier is a prepositional phrase (a group of words that begin with a preposition and ends with a noun

Preposition = on, out, under, behind, etc ...

·         Modifier answer the questions when (when), where (in which), or how (how)

Example:

Ø  John bought a book at a book fair

o   Where did John buy a book? -> At a book fair

Ø  She is driving very fast

o   How is she driving? -> Very fast

Ø  I posted my application yesterday

o   When do I post my application? -> Yesterday

So, as these elements Subject, Verb, Complement and Modifier in Example sentence:

We   studied   grammar   last week.

S            V                  C                M

Question:

1. George cooked dinner

2. Henry and Marcia have visited the president

3. We had lunch at this restaurant today

4. Pat must buy petrol yesterday

5. Trees grow

6. It was raining at seven o'clock this morning

7. He opened the book

8. Harry wash the dishes now

9. He opened the book

10. Paul, William and Mary was watching television a few minutes ago.

Answer:

1. George / is cooking / dinner / night

(Subject) (verb phrase) (supplementary) (modifier time)

2. Henry and Marcia / visiting / president

(Subject) (verb phrase) (complementary)

3. We / dining / lunch / at this restaurant / day

(Subject) (verb phrase) (supplementary) (a modifier) ​​(modifier time)

4. Pat / must buy / petrol / yesterday

(Subject) (verb phrase) (supplementary) (modifier time)

5. Trees / grow

(Subject) (verb phrase)

6. / rain / at 07:00 this morning

(Subject) (verb phrase) (modifier time)

7. He / open / book

(Subject) (verb phrase) (complementary)

8. Harry / washing / dishes / now

(Subject) (verb phrase) (supplementary) (modifier time)

9. He / open / book

(Subject) (verb phrase) (complementary)

10. Paul, William and Marry /'m watching / TV / minutes ago

(Subject) (verb phrase) (supplementary) (modifier time)

Referensi :

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-subject-predicate

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-contoh-kalimat-verbs

https://yorijuly14.wordpress.com/2010/03/18/struktur-kalimat-bahasa-inggris/

http://suryanto-bogor.blogspot.com/2013/06/subject-verb-complement-and-modifier.html

Sumber:  https://fauziauzhe.wordpress.com/2015/05/11/subject-verb-complement-modifier/